CKD and Cardiovascular Disease in Screened High-Risk Volunteer and General Populations: The Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP) and National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2004

CKD is independently associated with myocardial infarction or stroke in participants in a voluntary screening program and a randomly selected survey population. Heightened concerns regarding risks in volunteers yielded greater cardiovascular disease prevalence in KEEP, which was associated with increased short-term mortality.