Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Shock Wave Lithotripsy in Patients with Sterile Urine Before Treatment May be Unnecessary: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

PurposeWe evaluated the efficacy of antibiotic prophylaxis for shock wave lithotripsy in patients with proven sterile urine before treatment.Materials and MethodsA systematic search of PubMed®, Embase® and the Cochrane Library was performed to identify all randomized controlled trials that compared the effects of antibiotic prophylaxis with placebo or no treatment for patients undergoing shock wave lithotripsy who had preoperative sterile urine. The outcomes included symptoms, fever, positive urine culture, urinary tract infection and risk factors. The Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager software (RevMan 5.1.4) was used for statistical analysis.ResultsThe study inclusion criteria were met by 9 trials (3 placebo controlled and 6 no treatment controlled) involving 1,364 patients. The synthesized data from these randomized controlled trials indicated that there were no significant differences between the prophylactic group and the control group in symptoms, rate of fever (RR 0.36, 95% CI 0.07–2.36, p = 0.31), rate of positive urine culture (RR 0.77, 95% CI 0.54–1.11, p = 0.17) and incidence of urinary tract infection (RR 0.54, 95% CI 0.29–1.01, p = 0.05). Antibiotic prophylaxis had no potentially beneficial effect on the prevention of infection in patients with a temporary ureteral catheter related to shock wave lithotripsy.ConclusionsProphylactic antibiotics could not improve symptoms, and decreased neither the rate of fever and positive urine culture, nor the incidence of urinary tract infection after shock wave lithotripsy. Antibiotic prophylaxis is not necessary for shock wave lithotripsy, especially when no or low risk factors are presented.