Psychological outcomes after hysterectomy for benign conditions: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Hysterectomy is one of the commonest operative procedures in the developed world, mostly occurring among premenopausal women, with contradictory results regarding post-operative psychological wellbeing. This review aims to inform practice by examining whether hysterectomy predicts depression or anxiety outcomes. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and PsycINFO electronic databases for articles published before November 2012. Reference lists of relevant articles were hand searched, and expert opinions were sought. Refereed studies investigating an association between hysterectomy for benign (non-cancerous) conditions and post-operative symptoms of depression or anxiety were chosen for this review. Two authors independently abstracted data from original articles. Authors of relevant studies were contacted for data that could not be extracted from the published articles. Review Manager 5.1 was used throughout the meta-analysis to calculate the summary relative risks (RRs), and the weighted standardized mean difference (WstdMD), and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI). A random effects model was used in data analysis and verified using a fixed effect model. Overall, hysterectomy was associated with a decreased risk of clinically relevant depression (RR = 1.69, 95% CI 1.19–2.38). Additionally, hysterectomy was associated with a decrease in standardized depression outcomes (standardized mean difference (SMD) 0.38 (95% CI 0.27–0.49)). Conversely, there was no significant association between hysterectomy and risk of clinically relevant anxiety (RR = 1.41, 95% CI 0.72–2.75). In conclusion, data from before and after studies suggest that hysterectomy for benign gynecological conditions is not adversely associated with anxiety and may be positively rather than adversely associated with depression.