Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Pathophysiology of Urolithiasis

ContextUrolithiasis (UL) is one of the most common diseases, with worldwide increasing incidence and prevalence. The pathogenesis of calcium oxalate (CaOx) UL, which accounts for >80% of all urinary stones, is only incompletely understood.ObjectiveOur aim was to review trends in epidemiology and current concepts for the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of urinary stone disease.Evidence acquisitionWe reviewed data from the literature and our own series.Evidence synthesisUrinary stone formation is a result of different mechanisms. Completely different pathomechanisms lead to CaOx stone formation, with Randall plaques playing a key role in the pathogenesis.ConclusionsThe lithogenesis of key stones is multifactorial. Lifestyle and dietary choices are important contributing factors. The pathogenesis and pathophysiology of CaOx stones is still incompletely understood. Recent evidence suggests a primary interstitial apatite crystal formation that secondarily leads to CaOx stone formation.