Sperm viability, apoptosis, and intracellular reactive oxygen species levels in human spermatozoa before and after induction of oxidative stress

ObjectiveTo investigate sperm viability, incidence of apoptosis, and intracellular basal and induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) in sperm fractions.DesignProspective controlled study.SettingCenter for Reproductive Medicine at a tertiary care hospital.Method(s)Liquefied seminal ejaculates (n = 12) prepared by density gradient centrifugation were reconstituted to 2 mL with phosphate-buffered saline. Oxidative stress was induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2, 100 μM). Sperm viability, intracellular ROS, and incidence of apoptosis/necrosis in neat, immature, and mature sperm fractions were assessed.Result(s)Before H2O2 exposure, mature spermatozoa fractions showed a significantly lower incidence of apoptotic sperm and intracellular O2−
• levels but higher amounts of intracellular H2O2 compared with neat semen. Higher levels of intracellular H2O2 were demonstrated in immature sperm fractions compared with neat or mature fractions. In all sperm fractions, intracellular H2O2 levels correlated with the intracellular concentration of O2−
• . After H2O2 exposure, neat semen showed a significantly higher percentage of apoptosis compared with the prepared mature spermatozoa. However, no differences were observed in the incidence of apoptosis between immature and mature sperm fractions.Conclusion(s)There is a differential shift of both intracellular H2O2 and O2-
• in each sperm fraction that may affect sperm quality. Sperm apoptosis is related to intracellular H2O2 levels, which in turn are affected by intracellular O-
• levels. Oxidative stress was not associated with an increased incidence of apoptosis in immature or mature sperm fractions.