Amniotic fluid embolism

Amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) is a rare but severe complication of pregnancy characterised by a catastrophic systemic dysfunction involving the respiratory, cardiovascular and haematological systems. It was the fourth leading direct cause of maternal deaths ascertained by the UK confidential enquiry into maternal deaths (2006–2008), with incidence in the UK of approximately 1 in 50,000. It should no longer be considered as resulting in inevitable mortality, and increasing evidence shows that supportive care can result in good outcomes for mother and baby. Current data puts case fatality rates for AFE in the UK at around 20%, much lower than previously thought. This review collates the latest literature looking at how and when the condition occurs, its presentation, diagnosis and management.