Biomechanical evaluation of a novel suturing scheme for grafting load-bearing collagen scaffolds for rotator cuff repair

• We developed a suture technique to attach load-bearing tendon scaffolds to the remnant muscle and the bone.
• A fully load-bearing pure-collagen woven scaffold was implanted to replace the proper of rabbit infraspinatus tendon.
• The suture technique was able to fully transfer the robustness of the scaffold to the scaffold repair scheme.
• With the developed suture technique, scaffold repair showed similar failure load as direct repair.

BackgroundCurrently, there are no well-established suture protocols to attach fully load-bearing scaffolds which span tendon defects between bone and muscle for repair of critical sized tendon tears. Methods to attach load-bearing tissue repair scaffolds could enable functional repair of tendon injuries.MethodsSixteen rabbit shoulders were dissected (New Zealand white rabbits, 1 yr. old, female) to isolate the humeral–infraspinatus muscle complex. A unique suture technique was developed to allow for a 5 mm segmental defect in infraspinatus tendon to be replaced with a mechanically strong bioscaffold woven from pure collagen threads. The suturing pattern resulted in a fully load-bearing scaffold. The tensile stiffness and strength of scaffold repair were compared with intact infraspinatus and regular direct repair.FindingsThe failure load and displacement at failure of the scaffold repair group were 59.9 N (standard deviation, SD = 10.7) and 10.3 mm (SD = 2.9), respectively and matched those obtained by direct repair group which were 57.5 N (SD = 15.3) and 8.6 mm (SD = 1.5), (p > 0.05). Failure load, displacement at failure and stiffness of both of the repair groups were half of the intact infraspinatus shoulder group.InterpretationWith the developed suture technique, scaffold repair showed similar failure load, displacement at failure and stiffness to the direct repair. This novel suturing pattern and the mechanical robustness of the scaffold at time zero indicates that the proposed model is mechanically viable for future in vivo studies which has a higher potential to translate into clinical uses.