Comparison of the accuracies of transpedicular screw insertion during computed tomography-free, -based, and intraoperative computed tomography spinal surgeries

The use of CT navigation (CT-based and iCT navigations) results in a significantly higher accuracy of screw insertion compared with two-dimensional fluoroscopic navigation for TPS insertion (p = 0.01). Intraoperative CT-integrated navigation provides additional advantages, including simpler registration and the ability to double-check positioning during the operation, andtends to produce less blood loss.