Highly Crosslinked vs Conventional Polyethylene Particles—An In Vitro Comparison of Biologic Activities

Highly cross-linked polyethylenes (HXPEs) have been introduced to reduce wear after hip arthroplasty. The improved wear characteristics of HXPEs are well documented, but the relative biologic activity of HXPE and conventional polyethylene (CPE) particles remains unclear. Longevity (Zimmer, Warsaw, Ind; HXPE) and GUR 1050 (Zimmer; CPE) particles were isolated and characterized from a hip simulator and their in vitro inflammatory responses (tissue necrosis factor α, interleukin 1α, and vascular endothelial growth factor levels) were compared using macrophages. The average diameter of Longevity particles (0.111 μm) was smaller than CPE particles (0.196 μm), and both were predominantly round (granular appearance). The inflammatory response to HXPE and CPE was concentration-dependent. No statistically significant differences were noted at low (0.1 surface area ratio [SAR]) and intermediate (0.75 SAR) doses. At the highest dose tested (2.5 SAR), HXPE was significantly more inflammatory than CPE based on relative tissue necrosis factor α and vascular endothelial growth factor secretion levels. Further study is needed to determine if similar findings would be noted in vivo over a broad concentration range.