Targeted Muscle Reinnervation of the Brachium: An Anatomic Study of Musculocutaneous and Radial Nerve Motor Points Relative to Proximal Landmarks

PurposeTargeted muscle reinnervation (TMR) offers enhanced prosthetic use by harnessing additional neural control from unused nerves in the amputated limb. The purpose of this study was to document the location and number of motor end plates to each muscle commonly used in TMR in the brachium relative to proximally based bony landmarks.MethodsWe dissected 18 matched upper limbs (9 fresh-frozen cadavers). The locations of each of the nerves’ muscular insertions into the medial biceps and brachialis were measured relative to the anterolateral tip of the acromion. The terminal branches to the lateral triceps were measured relative to the posterolateral tip of the acromion. Both the number of branches and the location of the muscular insertions were documented. Common descriptive statistics were used to describe the data.ResultsThere was a median of 2 branches to the medial biceps located 19.6 cm from the anterolateral tip of the acromion (range, 15–25 cm). There was a median of 3.5 branches to the brachialis located 24.2 cm from the anterolateral tip of the acromion (range, 19–27.5 cm). There was a median of 2.5 branches to the lateral triceps located 21.6 cm from the posterolateral tip of the acromion (range, 11–29 cm). The mean distances to the primary branch muscle and the number of smaller branches were not significantly different when compared by sex or side.ConclusionsMotor points for the medial biceps, brachialis, and lateral triceps can be identified reliably using proximal landmarks in targeted muscle reinnervation.Clinical relevanceThe data obtained from this study may assist the surgeon in localizing the nerve branches and muscular insertions for the commonly used muscles for TMR of the brachium.