Carpal Kinematics During Simulated Active and Passive Motion of the Wrist

Carpal bone kinematics (excluding the pisiform) in a healthy normal joint are similar in both simulated active (tendon-driven) and passive (externally assisted) wrist motion because the carpal bones are passively moved during wrist motion (there are no direct tendon-to-muscle attachments to the proximal carpal bones and minimal attachments to the distal carpal bones).