The Use of Biological Adjuncts

Osteochondral lesions of the talus present unique anatomical and technical considerations to orthopaedic surgeons. Central to this clinical challenge is the current inability to restore cartilage to its native state following injury. The utilization of biological adjuncts for cartilage repair is under increased investigation across the orthopaedic surgical arena. At the core of cartilage bioengineering are 3 essential elements: chondrocytes and the application of cell sources capable of undergoing chondrogenic proliferation and differentiation; the application of biological growth factors optimal for cartilage repair; and the utilization of scaffolds optimal for cell and growth factor delivery and maturation. This review aims to highlight current basic science and clinical evidence on the use of cell sources and biological growth factors for the treatment of osteochondral lesions of the talus.