Intra-Articular Osteotomies of the Hip, Knee, and Ankle

Realignment of the hip knee and ankle can be achieved by extra-articular osteotomy if there is no intra-articular deformity or incongruity. Intra-articular osteotomy of the femoral head, femoral condyles, tibial plateaus and tibial plafond can all be achieved technically and biologically and lead to a congruous joint. This is a new frontier for realignment surgery extending the indications for joint preservation surgery.