Medial Collateral Ligament Tears in the Overhead Athlete: Surgical Indications and Reconstruction Technique

The medial collateral ligament (MCL) of the elbow is commonly injured in competitive overhead athletes. Our understanding of the functional anatomy and biomechanics of the MCL, as well as our surgical indications and techniques, has evolved over time. In addition, refinement of our physical examination skills and imaging modalities has improved early diagnosis and allows easy recognition of pathologies that coexist with an MCL injury. With the many treatment options available, MCL injuries are treated with encouraging results. This article reviews the clinical presentation and evaluation of MCL injuries, surgical indications, and operative techniques for MCL reconstruction.