Spondylolysis in the Athlete

Spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis are common causes of low back pain in athletes. Early diagnosis is crucial in the treatment of spondylolysis, as a period of rest can lead to full recovery in most patients. Radiographs can detect most lesions, but single-photon emission computed tomography scan, bone scan, computed tomography scan, and magnetic resonance imaging may be necessary in patients with normal radiograph findings or unusual presentations. There is significant variability in the literature regarding bracing, rehabilitation, surgery, and return to play. Most patients recover with nonoperative treatment, but if surgery is necessary, pars defect repair or fusion leads to good outcomes.