Imaging and three-dimensional analysis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

Three-dimensional (3D) spinal assessment requires transverse plane images in addition to the posteroanterior and lateral projections provided by traditional radiography. Computed tomography has allowed 3D spine visualization as serial transverse radiographic images are acquired. New biplanar slot scanners allow patients to stand during radiograph acquisition and provide superior quality images at lower radiation than traditional x-rays. The 3D measurements, which were never before attainable from planar radiographs, are semi-automatically calculated using commercial software. These images may be further processed to allow additional 3D analyses. In this article, historic and newer innovative approaches to 3D spine assessment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis are presented.