Mesenchymal stem cells and spinal arthrodesis

Autologous iliac crest bone graft (ICBG) remains the gold standard for bone augmentation during spinal arthrodesis. However, developments in mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) and cellular bone matrix (CBM) technologies have directed significant interest of stem cell utilization in the setting of spinal fusion surgery. The aim of this article is to review the preclinical and clinical evidence supporting the use of MSCs and CBMs in spinal arthrodesis procedures. In addition, the efficacy of various commercially available MSC preparations will be discussed. Finally, practice recommendations will be provided based upon the available evidence.