Preventing Instrumentation Failure in Three-Column Spinal Osteotomy: Biomechanical Analysis of Rod Configuration

Study DesignBiomechanical analysis.ObjectivesTo show the role of additional rods and long-term fatigue strength to prevent the instrumentation failure on three-column osteotomies.Summary of Background DataThree-column osteotomy such as pedicle subtraction osteotomy (PSO) and vertebral column resections are surgical correction options for fixed spinal deformity. Posterior fixation for the PSO involves pedicle screw–and rod-based instrumentation, with the rods being contoured to accommodate the accentuated lordosis. Pseudarthrosis and instrumentation failure are known complications of PSO.MethodsUnilateral pedicle screw and rod constructs were mounted in ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene blocks using a vertebrectomy model with the rods contoured to simulate posterior fixation of a PSO. Each construct was cycled under a 200 N load at 5 Hz in simulated flexion and extension to rod failure. Three configurations (n = 5) of titanium alloy rods were tested: single rod (control), double rod, and bridging rod. Outcomes were total cycles to failure and location of rod failure.ResultsDouble-rod and bridging-rod constructs had a significantly higher number of cycles to failure compared with the single-rod construct (p < .05). Single-rod constructs failed at or near the rod bend apex, whereas the majority of double-rod and bridging-rod constructs failed at the screw–rod or rod–connector junction.ConclusionsDouble-rod and bridging-rod constructs are more resistant to fatigue failure compared with single-rod constructs in PSO instrumentation and could be considered to mitigate the risk of instrumentation failure.