Microsurgical reconstruction of the maxilla: Algorithm and concepts

SummaryIntroductionThe main purpose of this article is to highlight free tissue transfers as the first-choice method for three-dimensional (3D) maxillary reconstruction, particularly in providing enough bone for palate and maxillary arch reconstruction and consequently an implant-retained prosthesis. To achieve this, the myosseous free iliac crest was selected whenever possible as the first choice inside the reconstructive algorithm and free flap armamentarium. A new maxillectomy classification and algorithm reconstruction are proposed.Technical modifications and improvements accomplished over time are discussed, considering palate, dental implants and prosthesis, nasal sidewall, cranial base and dura, as well as recipient vessels.We present functional and aesthetic outcomes of the senior author's past 24-year experience (H. C.) with complex midface reconstructions.Material and methodsThe authors report and analyse a 24-year experience with 57 midface defects in 54 patients (30 males and 24 females). A total of 57 maxillary defects – classified as Class I (limited maxillectomy) = 12, Class II (subtotal maxillectomy) = 15, Class III (total maxillectomy) = 19 and Class IV (orbitomaxillectomy) = 11 – were analysed regarding sex, age, tumour recurrence, free flap, reconstruction and necrosis. In addition, functional outcomes were evaluated regarding diet, speech, globe position and vision, while aesthetic outcomes were evaluated by patient and surgeon scores.ResultsA total of 52 free flaps were performed in 47 patients; three patients were operated upon twice; and two other patients needed two sequentially linked flow-through flaps. The free flap survival was 96% with two total flap losses (4%). The other seven patients were fitted with a soft tissue-retained obturator prosthesis.ConclusionsMicrosurgical vascularised osteomyocutaneous free flaps are actually the gold standard for reconstruction of complex defects following maxillectomy. This algorithm is based on the anatomofunctional defect of the maxilla and it facilitates flap selection, which is a must.