Microcirculation in DIEP flaps: a study of the haemodynamics using laser Doppler flowmetry and lightguide reflectance spectrophotometry

SummaryThe deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap is ideally suited for breast reconstruction. The DIEP flap reduces abdominal wall morbidity when compared to a transverse rectus abdominis (TRAM) flap, however, there maybe a compromise of the flap vascularity. Early venous problems and late fat necrosis in DIEP flaps can occur. There is a limited literature on the haemodynamic and microcirculation of the DIEP flap. Sixteen consecutive patients who underwent immediate breast reconstruction with DIEP flap were prospectively monitored during the post-operative time for a minimum period of 48 h using laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) and lightguide reflectance spectrophotometry (LRS) to analyse blood flow and oxygenated haemoglobin percentage in the cutaneous microcirculation of the flap. LDF demonstrated an increase of capillary flow in comparison to the pre-operative levels. LRS showed an initial decrease of the values and a varying pattern of increase in relation to time, to reach the pre-operative levels. A correlation between lower values of post-operative LDF and LRS measurements and late fat necrosis and early venous congestion was demonstrable in this series. This study demonstrates a change in the cutaneous microcirculation of the lower anterior abdominal wall following its elevation as a DIEP flap. These findings could explain the clinical phenomenon occurring in this flap in the early post-operative period. Significant correlation between longer harvesting time and re-exploration and between longer ischaemia time and localised fat necrosis was found.