Management of upper-airway obstruction in children

The upper airway extends from the nares and lip to the subglottis. Obstruction can occur at any level, and may be congenital or acquired, acute or chronic. The level and severity of the obstruction determine the clinical picture. Whilst a careful history and examination may reveal the diagnosis, investigations are frequently necessary and include physiological studies, imaging and endoscopy. This review discusses the most commonly seen upper-airway disorders, including their presentation and management. An approach to the history and examination is covered, as well as a discussion of the risks and benefits of the most commonly used investigational strategies.