PD-1/PD-L1 Costimulatory Pathway-induced Mouse Islet Transplantation Immune Tolerance

BackgroundProgrammed death-1/PD-1 ligand-1 (PD-1/PD-L1) costimulatory signals may play an important role in T-cell–induced immune response. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of the PD-1/PD-L1 costimulatory pathway on immunotolerance induction in mouse pancreatic islet transplantation.MethodsFull-length mouse PD-L1 cDNA was subcloned into pShuttle-GFP-CMV(−) shuttle plasmid. The product was cut by certain restriction endonuclease and ligated with pAdxsi vector. The adenovirus bone plasmid was transformed into DH5α-competent bacteria. After linearization, the recombined adenovirus DNA was transfected into 293 cells for package and amplification. Streptozotocin was injected intraperitoneally into C57BL/6 (H-2b) mouse to induce diabetic model recipient. Recipients were randomly divided into 3 groups. Group A was the control. Group B and group C were injected with Ad-EGFP and Ad-PD-L1 through the tail vein, respectively, 1 day before islet transplantation. The 300 to 400 islets of DBA/2 (H-2d) were transplanted into the renal subcapsular space of the diabetic model recipient. We monitored and analyzed the blood glucose levels and the survival time of grafts after transplantation.ResultsRecombinant adenovirus Ad-PD-L1 had high efficiency expression of PD-L1 in recipient mouse. The blood glucose concentration of mice in the Ad-PD-L1 gene treatment group was obviously lower than that of the control and Ad-EGFP treatment groups and was stable and kept within the normal range at post-transplant 21 days. The survival time of grafts in the Ad-PD-L1 group (27.6 ± 3.5 days) was significantly longer than in the control (7.8 ± 0.33 days) and Ad-EGFP groups (7.6 ± 0.59 days), P < .01. Mixed lymphocyte response showed a specific decrease reaction of recipient lymphocyte vs donor lymphocyte. Flow cytometry detection showed that unsplit cells occupied 90% of recipient mouse lymphocytes, but unsplit cells among normal C57BL/6 mouse lymphocytes without Ad-PD-L1 gene treatment were 51 in the control group. The differences between them were significant (P < .01).ConclusionRecombinant adenovirus Ad-PD-L1 has been successfully constructed. In mouse pancreatic islet transplantation, it can suppress the activation of recipient T lymphocyte through the PD-1/PD-L1 costimulatory pathway, and significantly prolong the survival time of grafts.