Imaging diagnosis of ketamine-induced uropathy

With growing ketamine abuse, ketamine-induced uropathy (KIU) has become a vital health issue in recent years. Although the lower urinary tract is the primary affected site, involvement of the upper urinary tract is common, and KIU may progress rapidly. The main objective of a baseline imaging study is evaluating the extent and complications of KIU after excluding other causes of uropathy. A comprehensive strategy for KIU evaluation through imaging is essential for effectively managing complications and preventing further renal function deterioration. In this study, we describe the imaging presentation of KIU and examine the role of various imaging modalities, such as ultrasound, intravenous urography, and computed tomography, in diagnosing patients with KIU.