N-myc downstream regulated gene-1 expression correlates with reduced pancreatic cancer growth and increased apoptosis in vitro and in vivo

BackgroundThe role of N-myc downstream regulated gene-1 (NDRG1) in cancer has recently gained interest, as potential regulator of cell death and tumor suppressor. Although its normal function in the pancreas is largely unknown, loss of NDRG1 expression is associated with a more aggressive tumor phenotype and poor outcome in pancreatic cancer patients.MethodsNDRG1 expression was determined in human pancreatic cancer samples and across a panel of 6 pancreatic cancer cell lines. HPAF-II cells were stably transfected with full-length NDRG1 (HPNDRG1) or the empty vector (HPNEG). BxPC-3 cells were silenced for NDRG1. These cells were analyzed for cell growth, cell cycle, apoptosis, and pro-apoptotic gene expression. They were transduced with lentiviral vector expressing luciferase to establish an orthotopic xenograft model. In vivo tumor growth was assessed by bioluminescence imaging.ResultsGrowth of HPNDRG1 was impaired in anchorage-dependent and abolished in anchorage-independent assays respectively. These results were confirmed in BxPC-3 silenced for NDRG1. Growth inhibition was induced by enhanced apoptosis. Seven pro-apoptotic genes were up-regulated in HPNDRG1 cells. In vivo, HPNDRG1 tumors showed no growth over 6 weeks, while HPNEG tumors grew prominently, correlating with a 325-fold increase in light emission.ConclusionIn this model we found that expression of NDRG1 correlates with decreased growth in human pancreatic cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. The observation that NDRG1 completely inhibited growth in anchorage-independent assays and in vivo supports a biological function as a tumor suppressor in pancreatic cancer.