Tenuigenin treatment improves behavioral Y-maze learning by enhancing synaptic plasticity in mice

• Tenuigenin improves Y-maze learning performance in mice.
• Tenuigenin enhances synaptic plasticity in hippocampal Schaffer-CA1 pathway.
• Tenuigenin increases antioxidantive effect in hippocampus.
• Tenuigenin inhibits hippocampal AChE activity.

Polygala tenuifolia root has been used to improve memory and cognitive function in Traditional Chinese Medicine for more than 2000 years. Since tenuigenin (TEN) is one of the most utilized P. tenuifolia root extracts, it is surprising there is no evidence for the effects of TEN on learning and memory so far. In the present study, we investigated the effects of TEN on learning and memory with Y-maze test in mice. We found that oral administration of 4 mg/kg TEN significantly improved learning and memory in Y-maze task. Treatment with 4 mg/kg TEN markedly reduced the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) level, and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in hippocampus. In the electrophysiological test of hippocampal brain slice, 2 μg/ml TEN perfusion substantially enhanced field excitatory postsynaptic potential (fEPSP) amplitude both in basic synaptic transmission and after high frequency stimulation (HFS) in Schaffer to CA1 pathway (Scha-CA1). These results indicate that TEN enhancing learning and memory may result from inhibiting AChE activity, improving antioxidation and enhancing synaptic plasticity in mice. Therefore, TEN shows promise as a potential nootropic product in improving learning and memory.