Long-term potentiation in mammalian autonomic ganglia: An inclusive proposal of a calcium-dependent, trans-synaptic process

• Like hippocampus sympathetic ganglia express long-term potentiation (LTP).
• We point out the possible physiological role of LTP in sympathetic activity.
• Two hypotheses, presynaptic and postsynaptic, try to explain gLTP.
• Calcium plays a crucial role in the mechanisms of gLTP.
• We propose and discuss an alternative inclusive trans-synaptic mechanism for gLTP.

Ganglionic synapses have the capability to express long-term potentiation (gLTP) after application of a brief high-frequency stimulus. It has been suggested a possible role of gLTP in some cardiovascular diseases. Although a number of characteristics of gLTP have been described, the precise locations and mechanisms underlying gLTP are not completely known. Current findings support two major conflicting presynaptic and postsynaptic hypotheses. The presynaptic hypothesis posits a presynaptic increase in acetylcholine (ACh) release, whereas the postsynaptic hypothesis proposes a long-lasting enhancement of the nicotinic response on the postsynaptic membrane. An alternative trans-synaptic hypothesis proposes the presynaptic release of a cotransmitter from large dense core vesicles, which postsynaptically enhances synaptic efficacy and accounts for gLTP. Here, we review the studies of LTP, with emphasis on gLTP in mammals, and we examine the findings that support the presynaptic, the postsynaptic and the trans-synaptic hypotheses. We then review our data on the contribution of calcium to gLTP as an approach to elucidate the mechanisms of gLTP. Data on the contribution of calcium to gLTP and on prolonged high-frequency stimulus-dependent fading of LTP have led us to support the trans-synaptic process as responsible for gLTP. Finally, we present a formal working model for the mechanisms of gLTP.