Sex and seasonal differences in morphology of limbic forebrain nuclei in the green anole lizard

Sex and seasonal differences in the brain occur in many species and are often related to behavioral expression. For example, morphology of limbic regions involved in male sex behavior are larger in males than in females, and sometimes are larger in the breeding than non-breeding season. Morphology can often be altered in adulthood by manipulating levels of steroid hormones. In untreated green anole lizards, previous work indicated that neuron soma size and density did not differ between the sexes in the preoptic area (POA) or ventromedial nucleus of the amygdala (AMY), two brain regions involved in the control of male reproductive behaviors [O'Bryant, E.L., Wade, J., 2002. Seasonal and sexual dimorphisms in the green anole forebrain. Horm. Behav. 41, 384–395.]. However, soma size was larger in both areas in breeding than non-breeding animals. The current study examined sex and seasonal differences in estimated brain region volume and total neuron number in the POA, AMY, and the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), a region typically involved in female reproductive behaviors. The volume of the POA was larger in males, and the POA and VMH of breeding animals were larger than those of non-breeding individuals. Differences in cell number did not exist in either of these two regions. In contrast, neuron counts in the AMY were greater in non-breeding than breeding animals, but the volume did not differ between the seasons. These data suggest that the structure of limbic brain regions is dynamic in adulthood and that parallels between morphology and the expression of masculine behavior exist for the POA, whereas other relationships are more complicated.