Autophagy activation is associated with neuroprotection against apoptosis via a mitochondrial pathway in a rat model of subarachnoid hemorrhage

Autophagy, the bulk intracellular degradation of cytoplasmic constituents, can be a pro-survival or a pro-death mechanism depending on the context. A recent study showed that autophagy was activated in the phase of early brain injury following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). However, whether autophagy activation after SAH is protective or harmful is still elusive. This study was undertaken to determine the potential role of autophagy pathway activation in early brain injury following SAH. The rats were pretreated with intracerebral ventricular infusion of either the autophagy inducer rapamycin (RAP) or inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) before SAH onset. The results from electron microscopic examinations showed that RAP administration caused the formation of autophagosomal vacuoles, and 3-MA induced neuronal apoptosis. RAP treatment significantly increased the expression of autophagic proteins Atg5 and Beclin 1, the ratio of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3)-II to LC3-I and reduced caspase-3 activity, the number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells, brain edema and neurological deficits after SAH. Conversely, 3-MA treatment exacerbated early brain injury. RAP treatment significantly increased the expression of the autophagic proteins Atg5 and Beclin 1, the ratio of LC3-II to LC3-I and reduced caspase-3 activity, the number of TUNEL-positive cells, brain edema and neurological deficits after SAH. Conversely, 3-MA treatment reversed these changes and exacerbated early brain injury. To further clarify the mechanism of autophagy protection, we investigated the expression levels of key apoptosis-related molecules. The results showed that RAP administration decreased Bax translocation to the mitochondria and downstream cytochrome c release from the mitochondria to the cytosol. Taken together, our study indicates that activation of autophagic pathways reduces early brain injury after SAH. This neuroprotective effect is likely exerted by anti-apoptotic mechanisms.

► We assessed the role of autophagy in endovascular perforation SAH model.
► Autophagy has a beneficial role in early brain injury following SAH.
► This neuroprotective effect was associated with inhibition of apoptotic cell death.
► The mitochondrial pathway was involved in autophagy-modulated apoptosis after SAH.