Balamuthia and Acanthamoeba-binding antibodies in West African human sera

Little is known about the prevalence of Balamuthia mandrillaris amoebae and Balamuthia amoebic encephalitis in Africa. As an approach, relative concentrations of amoebae-binding serum antibodies (Ab) were assessed by flow cytometry using formaldehyde-fixed B. mandrillaris, Acanthamoeba lenticulata 72-2 and Acanthamoeba castellanii 1BU amoebae for specific Ab capture (B.m.-Ab, A.l.-Ab, A.c.-Ab). One hundred and ninety-two sera from West African (Côte d’Ivoire) donors aged 11–95 years (mean 38 a; 51% males), and living in villages surrounded by rainforest near the Liberian border, were tested and related to reference sera from Berlin. While B.m.-Ab tended to increase with donor age, A.l.-Ab and A.c.-Ab did not. Accordingly, B.m.-Ab correlated only weakly with A.l.-Ab or A.c.-Ab. Of the nine individuals with the highest B.m.-Ab concentrations, most were elderly (mean 58 a), male (78%), and professed intensive outdoor activity (hunting, farming). Only three of these sera also showed elevated A.l.-Ab, and none elevated A.c.-Ab.