A rediscovered-new ‘Qanat’ system in the High Mountains of Sinai Peninsula, with Levantine reflections

• The only ‘Qanat’ in the Sinai mountains and across the peninsula.
• A link of diffusion of ‘Qanats’ between the Near East and North Africa.
• The high gradients and shallow sediments are reflected in the ‘Qanat's’ construction.
• The open question about the ‘Qanat's’ construction period is discussed in connection to south Levant.
• The ‘Qanat’ had been and still utilized by a single household/orchard.

Since the Achaemenid Empire in 532–332 BCE, the ‘Qanat’ became the central irrigation system in the arid and semi-arid lands. Several terms are used for ‘Qanat’ in different regions, including the Karez, Qanat, Falaj type Daudi, Qanat Romani, Fuqara (Foggara), or Khettara as known in Central Asia, Persia, Southeast Arabia, Levant, North Africa, or Morocco respectively. Typically, the ground, spring or surface water (i.e. seasonal floods or river-fed) sources feed similar irrigation system. Based on thirteen years of extensive survey and analysis work (i.e. Sinai Peninsula Research 2000–2013 CE), this paper presents a rediscovered-new Qanat system in the High Mountains of Sinai Peninsula (i.e. UNESCO World Heritage Site ‘WHS’ no. 954) under chronological open question with Levantine reflections. In 1970s CE, the present Sinaitic site of Farsh Abu A'lwan or the anciently known Farsh Shamma'a was archaeologically surveyed without a direct reference to the Qanat system in-situ. Scientifically, it is an argumentative and unique Qanat system in terms of chronology, location (region), site (local-setting), water source, size and household utility. It is the only discovered ‘Qanat’ across the Sinai, connecting the Near East and North Africa.