First detection of an NSAID, flunixin, in sheep’s wool using GC–MS

Exposure to the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) diclofenac resulted in the near extinction of three species of Gyps vultures on the Indian subcontinent. Other NSAIDs present in the environment, including flunixin, may pose a similar risk. In the course of a study to determine the feasibility of detecting NSAIDs in keratinous matrices (i.e., hair, nails and feathers) using GC–MS, wool opportunistically collected from a sheep treated with flunixin was analysed for residues. Flunixin was detected qualitatively in external wool wash and extract samples. While residues of veterinary agents and pesticides have previously been found in sheep’s wool, our preliminary investigation provides the first instance of an NSAID being detected in this matrix. Here we provide the sample preparation methods and GC–MS parameters used to enable further refinement as part of ongoing conservation and consumer quality control measures.

► In this study we qualitatively detected the NSAID flunixin in sheep’s wool using GC–MS.
► Potential applications of this technique to the conservation of avian scavengers are outlined.
► The quantitative and confirmatory steps required to fully validate the method are also provided.