Oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions of paleosol phyllosilicates: Differential burial histories and determination of Middle–Late Pennsylvanian low-latitude terrestrial paleotemperatures

• Paleosol phyllosilicate crystallization temperatures from the Illinois basin
• Basin-scale variations in phyllosilicate stable isotopes and mineralogy
• Pedogenic and diagenetic signatures preserved
• Long-term warming (~ 9 °C) from Desmoinesian to Missourian

The clay mineralogy, chemistry, and stable hydrogen and oxygen-isotope compositions were measured from 20 phyllosilicate samples representing 11 Pennsylvanian-age paleosol profiles taken from three cores in the Illinois basin in order to assess their utility as proxies of low-latitude terrestrial paleotemperatures. The majority of the samples are mineralogical mixtures of illite–smectite (I/S), kaolinite, and rarely discrete illite. Samples from a shallowly-buried locality in the northern part of the basin are dominantly composed of smectite-rich I/S, with variable amounts of kaolinite, and no discrete illite. Samples from deeply-buried, interior parts of the basin are composed of illite-rich I/S, variable amounts of kaolinite, and discrete illite.These phyllosilicate mixtures have δ18OV-SMOW and δDV-SMOW values that range from 17.2‰ to 23.0‰ and − 56‰ to − 27‰, respectively. Assuming that the phyllosilicates preserve a record of isotopic equilibrium with Pennsylvanian meteoric waters, these oxygen and hydrogen isotope values correspond to crystallization temperatures ranging from 22 ± 3 °C to 55 ± 3 °C. The clay mineralogy, phyllosilicate δ18O and δD values and calculated crystallization temperatures of 44 °C to 55 °C from deeply buried localities in the interior of the basin are not consistent with a pedogenic origin. Instead, these trends are considered to be the result of diagenetic recrystallization of pedogenic minerals in response to greater depths of burial (by ~ 1.5 to 3 km) in the southerly, basin-center localities, as well as an interval of middle Permian elevated heat flow associated with magmatic intrusions in the southern part of the basin.Phyllosilicate mineralogy, δ18O and δD values, and calculated phyllosilicate crystallization temperatures from a shallowly buried, northern locality in the Illinois basin are consistent with a pedogenic origin, and reveal a long-term warming trend from an average temperature of 23 ± 3 °C in the lower Desmoinesian to an average temperature of 32 ± 3 °C in the Missourian. This temperature change is coincident with a significant change in the composition of wetland vegetation in Euramerica, which has been attributed to a shift in low-latitude Pennsylvanian climate towards warmer and drier conditions in the Late Pennsylvanian. This study reveals the presence of a dynamic Late Paleozoic paleoequatorial icehouse climate characterized by significant low-latitude temperature variability unprecedented on modern Earth.