Theoretical assessment of phosphate amendments for stabilization of (Pb + Zn) in polluted soil

Contamination of the environment with toxic metals, such as lead (Pb), represents a serious concern for human health. Most of the studies on Pb stabilization were performed using various phosphorus-containing amendments that can reduce Pb mobility and bioavailability by the sorption and precipitation of new, stable pyromorphite-type minerals, presenting very low solubility and bioaccessibility. However, the presence of competing ions, such as zinc (Zn), can reduce stabilization efficacy. The role of chemical composition on the stability of immobilization products of Pb and Zn by the addition of hydroxyapatite (HAP) or fluoroapatite (FAP) has been examined in this paper. In this analysis we used a theoretical criterion which is based on calculation of the ion–ion interaction potential, representing the main term of the cohesive energy of the matrix/pollutant system. It has been demonstrated that the stability of the HAP matrix decreases and that the stability of the FAP matrix increases with the Pb immobilization in the presence of Zn. The results of this analysis point out FAP as an advantageous amendment for the immobilization of Pb in the presence of Zn.