tRNA genes and the genetic code

The genetic code describes translational assignments between codons and amino acids. tRNAs and aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) are those molecules by means of which these assignments are established. Any aaRS recognizes its tRNAs according to some of their nucleotides called identity elements (IEs). Let a 1Mut-similarity Sim¯1Mut be the average similarity between such tRNA genes   whose codons differ by one point mutation. We showed that: (1) a global maximum of Sim¯1Mut is reached at the standard genetic code 27 times for 4 sets of IEs of tRNA genes of eukaryotic   species, while it is so only 5 times for similarities Sim¯C&R between all tRNA gene  s whose codons lie in the same column or row of the code. Therefore, point mutations of anticodons were tested by nature to recruit tRNAs from one isoaccepting group to another, (2) because plain similarities Sim¯all between tRNA genes of species within any of the three domains of life are higher than between tRNA genes of species belonging to different domains, tRNA genes   retained information about early evolution of cells, (3) we searched the order of tRNAs in which they were most probably assigned to their codons and amino acids. The beginning Ala, (Val), Pro, Ile, Lys, Arg, Trp, Met, Asp, Cys, (Ser) of our resulting chronology lies under a plateau on a graph of Sim¯1Mut,IEuniv.ancestors plotted over this chronology for a set SIE of all IEs of tRNA genes  , whose universal ancestors were separately computed for each codon. This plateau has remained preserved along the whole line of evolution of the code and is consistent with observations of Ribas de Pouplana and Schimmel [2001. Aminoacy1-tRNA synthetases: potential markers of genetic code development. Trends Biochem. Sci. 26, 591–598] that specific pairs of aaRSs—one from each of their two classes—can be docked simultaneously onto the acceptor stem of tRNA and hence an interaction existed between their ancestors using a reduced code, (4) sharpness of a local maximum of Sim¯1Mut at the standard code is almost 100% along our chronologies.