Effects of tractor weight, wheel placement and depth of ploughing on the infestation of perennial weeds in organically farmed cereals

► We investigated the influence of certain ploughing factors on perennial weeds. ► Tractor weight and wheel placement had limited effects on weeds as well as on soil structure. ► Weed growth was generally 50% lower with deep ploughing than with shallow ploughing. ► Cirsium arvense was reduced by up to at least 90% with deep vs. shallow ploughing.