Silver nanoparticles disrupt olfaction in Crucian carp (Carassius carassius) and Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis)

The present study investigates the effect of silver nanoparticles on olfaction in Crucian carp (Carassius carassius) and Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis). The electro-olfactogram (EOG) signal was recorded by stimulating the olfactory epithelium with pulses of the odorant l-alanine during the pre-exposure, silver exposure and recovery periods, respectively. The nanosilver suspension concentrations applied were 0.00, 0.45 and 45 μg L−1, respectively. Secondly, to compare the toxicity of silver nanoparticles with silver ions, perch were exposed to ionic silver. During exposure to nanosilver suspension, the olfactory epithelium rapidly hyperpolarized, which was not found after exposure to silver ion solution. Exposure to 0.45 μg L−1 nanosilver suspension led to enhanced EOG responses, whereas exposure to 45 μg L−1 silver nanoparticle suspension and silver ion solution resulted in suppressed EOG signals. The EOG signals partly recovered in silver-free water. The silver nanoparticle olfactory toxicity is believed to be a combination of silver particles and released silver ions.