The vertical structure of time-mean estuarine circulation in a shallow, rotating, semi-enclosed coastal bay: A Liverpool Bay case study with application for monitoring

A method to infer 3D time-average residual currents in regions of misaligned freshwater density and sea surface slope gradients is presented. The method blends CTD survey data with HF radar surface currents and simulation estimates of viscosity and friction. It is validated against ADCP data in Liverpool Bay. It is speculated that this method could be applied more generally, to correct model biases, as part of a coastal monitoring system.