Genetic assessment of local apple cultivars from La Palma, Spain, using simple sequence repeats (SSRs)

Apple cultivars from Canary Islands can possibly be valuable genetic resources for subtropical areas. We localised 31 accessions considered by growers to be local, and confirmed by historical references that apple crop was introduced in XV century. These accessions were compared with 77 Spanish and 26 commercial cultivars in order to detect synonyms. A set of 10 SSRs were studied, and 2 of them presented 2 loci. Cultivars from La Palma (Canary Islands) presented five specific alleles not found in other Spanish regions. Those polymorphisms allowed detecting one introgressant in La Palma from non-native cultivars, and the other 30 accessions were classified into 14 genotypes. Some accessions derived from non-native cultivars such as Golden Delicious. A main cultivar could be detected, Del País, with 14 accessions. Secondary ones were Camuesa and Pero. Genetic differentiation was small between regions (Fst = 0.057) but significant, confirmed by analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA). Major genetic differentiation was found between non-native cultivars and cultivars from Asturias and Basque Country. Bayesian method and admixture analysis reconstructed three ancestral groups (RPP), Asturian and Basque cultivars grouped in RPPI (mainly those used for cider production), a mixture of cultivars from Galicia and La Palma in RPPII and non-native cultivars were in RPPIII. This genetic differentiation was also confirmed by factorial correspondence analyses (FCA). AMOVA over RPPs increased the genetic differentiation. Allelic variation found in this study showed that Spanish local cultivars represent a differentiated genetic pool that will provide original genotypes to diversify the reduced number of cultivars used in commercial production. In addition, differentiated genotypes localised in La Palma will be preserved in the local Germplasm Bank.