Optimal equi-difference conflict-avoiding codes of odd length and weight three

A conflict-avoiding code (CAC) is known as a protocol sequence for transmitting data packets over a collision channel without feedback. The study of CACs has been focused on determining the size of an optimal code, i.e., the maximum size of a code, and in the past few years it has been settled by several researchers for even length and weight 3 together with constructions. As for odd length, a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a ‘tight equi-difference’ CAC of weight 3 can be found in Momihara (2007), but the condition is fairly complex and thus only a few explicit series of code lengths are known. Recently, Fu et al. (2013) restated the condition given by Momihara (2007) in a different way, which requires to examine the multiplicative suborder of 2 modulo p for each prime factor p of m. Meanwhile, Ma et al. (2013) presented constructions of an optimal equi-difference CAC and an optimal tight CAC of odd prime length p   and weight 3, and formulated the sizes of such optimal codes. However, for their formulae to have practical meaning, the number of cosets of −(2)p∪(2)p−(2)p∪(2)p still needs to be determined, where (2)p(2)p is the multiplicative subgroup of Zp⁎ with generator 2. Moreover, their construction of an optimal tight CAC imposes a certain condition. This implies that even restricting ourselves to odd prime length, to provide a series of odd code length for which the maximum size of a CAC of weight 3 can be determined is a demanding problem.In this article, we will give some explicit series of tight/optimal equi-difference CACs of odd length and weight 3 by revisiting some properties of multiplicative order of a unit in the ring of residues modulo m and cyclotomic polynomials.