Liouville theorems, universal estimates and periodic solutions for cooperative parabolic Lotka–Volterra systems

We consider positive solutions of cooperative parabolic Lotka–Volterra systems with equal diffusion coefficients, in bounded and unbounded domains. The systems are complemented by the Dirichlet or Neumann boundary conditions. Under suitable assumptions on the coefficients of the reaction terms, these problems possess both global solutions and solutions which blow up in finite time. We show that any solution (u,v)(u,v) defined on the time interval (0,T)(0,T) satisfies a universal estimate of the formu(x,t)+v(x,t)≤C(1+t−1+(T−t)−1),u(x,t)+v(x,t)≤C(1+t−1+(T−t)−1), where C does not depend on x, t, u, v, T. In particular, this bound guarantees global existence and boundedness for threshold solutions lying on the borderline between blow-up and global existence. Moreover, this bound yields optimal blow-up rate estimates for solutions which blow up in finite time. Our estimates are based on new Liouville-type theorems for the corresponding scaling invariant parabolic system and require an optimal restriction on the space dimension n  : n≤5n≤5. As an application we also prove the existence of time-periodic positive solutions if the coefficients are time-periodic. Our approach can also be used for more general parabolic systems.