Seasonal variations in Greenland Ice Sheet motion: Inland extent and behaviour at higher elevations

We present global positioning system observations that capture the full inland extent of ice motion variations in 2009 along a transect in the west Greenland Ice sheet margin. In situ measurements of air temperature and surface ablation, and satellite monitoring of ice surface albedo and supraglacial lake drainage are used to investigate hydrological controls on ice velocity changes. We find a strong positive correlation between rates of annual ablation and changes in annual ice motion along the transect, with sites nearest the ice sheet margin experiencing greater annual variations in ice motion (15–18%) than those above 1000 m elevation (3–8%). Patterns in the timing and rate of meltwater delivery to the ice–bed interface provide key controls on the magnitude of hydrologically-forced velocity variations at each site. In the lower ablation zone, the overall contribution of variations in ice motion to annual flow rates is limited by evolution in the structure of the subglacial drainage system. At sites in the upper ablation zone, a shorter period of summer melting and delayed establishment of a hydraulic connection between the ice sheet surface and its bed limit the timeframe for velocity variations to occur. Our data suggest that land-terminating sections of the Greenland Ice Sheet will experience increased dynamic mass loss in a warmer climate, as the behaviour that we observe in the lower ablation zone propagates further inland. Findings from this study provide a conceptual framework to understand the impact of hydrologically-forced velocity variations on the future mass balance of land-terminating sections of the Greenland Ice Sheet.

Research highlights
► We investigate hydrologically-forced changes in Greenland Ice Sheet flow rates.
► Velocity variations are greatest near the ice sheet margin, where melt rates are higher.
► Further inland, melt rates are lower and velocity variations occur for a shorter period.
► This limits their impact on annual rates of ice motion.
► We find a positive relationship between annual ablation and rates of ice motion.