The tilting continent: A new constraint on the dynamic topographic field from Australia

A pronounced latitudinal asymmetry in the present-day morphology of the Australian continental shelf is reflected in Neogene stratigraphic relationships. The northern Australian margin has a broad shelf, typically 200–500 km wide and a Neogene record of stratal onlap. Relative to the continent, sea levels are currently as high as at any stage during the Neogene. In contrast, the southern shelf is typically less than 100 km wide and shows a record of progressive offlap with Neogene palaeo-shorelines commonly many hundreds of kilometres inland, at elevations up to ∼ 250 m above present-day sea level. This continental-scale ‘reciprocal’ stratigraphy implies 250–300 m N-down, SSW-up apparent vertical motion with respect to sea level since the mid-Miocene. The apparent vertical motion can be attributed to variations in dynamic topography and the geoid along Australia's NNE plate circuit; specifically, the movement of the southern margin off the dynamic topography low, geoid low presently centred on the Australian–Antarctic discordance, and the northern margin towards a dynamic topography low, geoid high associated with the subduction realm to the north. Variations in the geoid appear to account for about 10% of the total apparent motion, depending on assumptions about how the geoid field has evolved during Australia's northward motion. This inferred Neogene, continental-scale dynamic N–S tilting rate of ∼15–20 m/myr provides a compelling new constraint on the nature of the Earth's dynamic topographic field.