Multi-channel surface NMR instrumentation and software for 1D/2D groundwater investigations

Multi-channel surface nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) instrumentation and software, developed in the United States, has been applied to investigate 1D and 2D hydrology at various locations in the Western US. The GeoMRI instrument offers several practical improvements over the previous state of the art in surface NMR instrumentation, including a multi-channel transmit/receive capability, a significantly shorter measurement dead-time of 10 ms, and an ultra-low receiver input noise density of less than 0.4 nV/sqrt (Hz). Two multi-channel NMR processing techniques, reference coil-based noise cancellation and integrated FID imaging, are shown to increase effective signal to noise ratios by an order of magnitude or more. These effective SNR gains enable multi-coil surface NMR to produce useful and reliable images when the post-averaged SNR is less than 1. We also suggest an alternate approach to imaging, in which NMR signals are initially isolated in the space domain, and then NMR parameter estimation is applied in the time domain. Experimental results are presented for recent surface NMR groundwater investigations conducted in Nebraska and Texas, USA.