Equatorially asymmetric convection inducing a hemispherical magnetic field in rotating spheres and implications for the past martian dynamo

The convective instability in a rapidly rotating, self-graviting sphere sets up in the form of equatorially symmetric, non-axisymmetric columnar vortices aligned with the rotation axis, carrying heat away in the cylindrical radial direction. In this study, we present numerical simulations of thermal convection and dynamo action driven by internal heating (intended to model a planetary core subject to uniform secular cooling) in a rotating sphere where, from the classical columnar convection regime, we find a spontaneous transition towards an unexpected and previously unobserved flow regime in which an equatorially antisymmetric, axisymmetric (EAA) mode strongly influences the flow. This EAA mode carries heat away along the rotation axis and is the nonlinear manifestation of the first linearly unstable axisymmetric mode. When the amplitude of the EAA mode reaches high enough values, we obtain hemispherical dynamos with one single hemisphere bearing more than 75% of the total magnetic energy at the surface of the rotating sphere. We perform the linear analysis of the involved convective modes and the nonlinear study of this hydrodynamic transition, with and without dynamo action, to obtain scaling laws for the regime boundaries. As secular cooling in a full sphere (i.e. without inner core) is a configuration which has probably been widespread in the early solar system in planetary cores, including the core of Mars, we discuss the possible implications of our results for the past martian dynamo.

Research highlights
► Convection and dynamo action driven by secular cooling in rotating full spheres.
► A new flow regime characterized by an equatorially antisymmetric, axisymmetric mode.
► This flow regime induces hemispherical dynamos.
► The past martian dynamo may have been in this asymmetric regime.