A putative gnetalean gymnosperm Cariria orbiculiconiformis gen. nov. et spec. nov. from the Early Cretaceous of northern Gondwana

Cariria orbiculiconiformis gen. nov. et spec. nov., a gymnosperm with gnetoid characters is described from the upper Aptian Crato Formation of the Araripe Basin in northeastern Brazil. Gross-morphology and anatomical details have been studied and characters have been discussed in respect to various seed plants. Several of these characters fit best with those of Gnetales and their putative fossil allies. However, the fossil plant cannot be assigned to any known extinct or extant group of seed plants in their current circumscription. Stem gross-morphology, xylotomical characters and epidermal features indicate a gnetophytic relationship, whereas characters of the reproductive organs are rather distinct from those found in extant taxa. The reproductive unit of the new taxon represents a triple organ consisting of two dichasial ovulate structures and one median pollen-producing structure containing smooth, monosulcate, boat-shaped pollen in-situ. Each ovulate structure consists of two distinct pairs of bracts, a sterile one at the base and a fertile one forming a terminal orbicular capsule. Stiff processes found in the apex of the ovulate structure may represent micropylar tubes of seeds, as seen in the Bennettitales–Erdtmanithecales–Gnetales group. C. orbiculiconiformis gen. nov. et spec. nov. was ans herbaceous or semi-shrub-like plant that may have been adapted to the r-strategy in a stressful environment.

► Cariria orbiculiconiformis gen. nov. et spec. nov. is a new taxon of seed plants.
► The taxon belongs to an extinct gymnosperm clade with gnetalean affinity.
► Stems, leaves and reproductive structures preserve diagnostic cellular details.
► Reproductive organs yield in-situ seeds and pollen.
► Relationships to the Bennettitales–Erdtmanithecales–Gnetales group are discussed.