Zero-knowledge GPS-free data replication and retrieval scheme in mobile ad hoc networks using double-ruling and landmark-labeling techniques

Using the double-ruling technique, many data replication and retrieval schemes achieve low data retrieval latency. However, these schemes require Global Positioning System (GPS) in mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). In this paper, we propose a zero-knowledge double-ruling-based GPS-free data replication and retrieval scheme (MobiMark) in MANETs. Our primary idea is to label the landmarks with the grid-like structure in the network using the landmark-labeling, dynamically designate the node that is the nearest to a landmark as the landmark broker, and transmit the consumers' interests (or producers' data) to all horizontal (or vertical) landmark brokers using the double-ruling technique. Simulations show that MobiMark achieves good performance in terms of data retrieval rate and data retrieval latency. In addition, we also develop a theoretical analysis for MobiMark to obtain the upper bound of the hop distance between the consumer and the landmark broker with the consumer's interest in a square region where the nodes are uniformly and densely distributed and have equal transmission ranges.