The low adhesion problem due to leaf contamination in the wheel/rail contact: Bonding and low adhesion mechanisms

Autumn leaves often cause low adhesion problems for train operations, leading to station overruns and signals passed at danger (SPADS). The aim of this paper was to review operational data and research methods to assess the current understanding of the problem and formulate hypotheses for the causes. Incident analysis showed the relatively high possibility of incidents between the hours of 05:00-10:00 and 20:00-24:00, suggesting the dew effect was important. This result corresponds to the knowledge that wet leaves in the contact area produce very low friction coefficients, below 0.1. Current mitigation methods, such as sanding, seem inadequate to remove the leaf films completely. To explain the bonding mechanism between the leaf film and the rail, a laboratory-based model and a field-based model were developed based on previous studies. Moreover, key parameters for a strong bond formation were identified, which are iron oxide, temperature, pressure and leaf material. The research gaps were identified by a paper grading method, and several hypotheses for bonding mechanisms and low adhesion mechanisms were proposed, such as sub- or super critical water and pectin gel.