Phase-change heat transfer in a cavity heated from below: The effect of utilizing single or hybrid nanoparticles as additives

101A square cavity of size H (height and length H) which is filled with Nano-Enhanced Phase-Change Material (NEPCM) including hybrid nanoparticles. The bottom side of the enclosure is isothermal at a hot temperature Th and the top wall is isothermal at a cold temperature Tc while the left and right walls are insulated. NEPCM starts to melt from bottom, and the melting front advances from bottom to top.