Enhanced elastic-foundation analysis of balanced single lap adhesive joints

Outside the bond, Timoshenko-style beam-column expressions are used to derive a simplified joint-edge moment factor. While similar in spirit to the edge-moment determination of Goland and Reissner for infinite-length pinned adherends, treating the bond region as a rigid block leads to simpler nonlinear expressions, and captures the moment-reducing benefits of shorter (finite-length) adherends and fixed-slope end conditions. Joint rotation effects become dominant when TL2>E̅I (L is adherend free length, T is tensile load), then joint rotation magnitude depends on TD2/E̅I (D is lap length).