Putting old tools to novel uses: The role of form accessibility in semantic extension

- Semantic change results from extension of frequent forms to new uses.
- Extension of frequent forms to new uses occurs via accessibility in production.
- In contrast frequent forms are restricted to their original meanings in comprehension.
- Entrenchment in comprehension can curb (over-) extension in production.

An increase in frequency of a form has been argued to result in semantic extension (Bybee, 2003; Zipf, 1949). Yet, research on the acquisition of lexical semantics suggests that a form that frequently co-occurs with a meaning gets restricted to that meaning (Xu & Tenenbaum, 2007). The current work reconciles these positions by showing that - through its effect on form accessibility - frequency causes semantic extension in production, while at the same time causing entrenchment in comprehension. Repeatedly experiencing a form paired with a specific meaning makes one more likely to re-use the form to express related meanings, while also increasing one's confidence that the form is never used to express those meanings. Recurrent pathways of semantic change are argued to result from a tug of war between the production-side pressure to reuse easily accessible forms and the comprehension-side confidence that one has seen all possible uses of a frequent form.